The original uncensored lyrics of Wavin' Flag (World Cup Theme Song)

Wavin' Flag lyrics(Original)

When i get older, they'll call me freedom
Just like a Waving Flag.

[Chorus]
When I get older, I will be stronger,
They'll call me freedom, just like a Waving Flag,
And then it goes back, and then it goes back,
And then it goes back

Born to a throne, stronger than Rome
but Violent prone, poor people zone,
But it's my home, all I have known,
Where I got grown, streets we would roam.
But out of the darkness, I came the farthest,
Among the hardest survival.
Learn from these streets, it can be bleak,
Except no defeat, surrender retreat,

So we struggling, fighting to eat and
We wondering when we'll be free,
So we patiently wait, for that fateful day,
It's not far away, so for now we say

[Chorus]

So many wars, settling scores,
Bringing us promises, leaving us poor,
I heard them say, love is the way,
Love is the answer, that's what they say,
But look how they treat us, Make us believers,
We fight their battles, then they deceive us,
Try to control us, they couldn't hold us,
Cause we just move forward like Buffalo Soldiers.

But we struggling, fighting to eat,
And we wondering, when we'll be free
So we patiently wait, for that faithful day,
It's not far away, but for now we say,

[Chorus] 2x

(Ohhhh Ohhhh Ohhhhh Ohhhh)
And everybody will be singing it
(Ohhhh Ohhhh Ohhhhh Ohhhh)
And you and I will be singing it
(Ohhhh Ohhhh Ohhhhh Ohhhh)
And we all will be singing it
(Ohhh Ohh Ohh Ohh)

[Chorus] 2x

When I get older, when I get older
I will be stronger, just like a Waving Flag,
Just like a Waving Flag, just like a Waving flag
Flag, flag, Just like a Waving Flag

Are You Going to Withdraw Money from Moneybookers to Dutch Bangla Bank (DBBL)? Then Please Read This Post Before Loosing Your Money

Are you going to withdraw your money from moneybookers to your Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) account? Then Please STOP, specially if the amount is not big enough. If you withdraw 30$, you will get around 960-980BDT only. This is because that Dutch Bangla Bank Limited's (DBBL) correspondent bank in UK is Standard Chartared Bank limited. They collect the money from moneybookers on behalf of Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) and send it to Bangladesh. But, recently they have made a decision not to process money from moneybookers.com. Now moneybookers has made a new strategy that they will convert your USD money to Euro and send it from their German account. They will take additional 1.99% fee for conversion. Till now that is OK. But, the problem is the German bank will charge you for the wire transfer to Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL). Moneybookers will not cover that charge. In my experience, the charge is around 15$ regardless of the total amount. That means, the charge is same for 30$ and 3000$. Last month, I got 26000Tk for 400$ and my friend got 975TK for 30$. Here is their mail about that,

“We would like to confirm that we have successfully processed the following withdraw:

284675602  18 Jun 10  Withdraw  Bank transfer  30.00 USD  processed

After the currency conversion and the 1.99% fee that Moneybooker applies for all transaction involving currency conversion the amount that was sent out was 23.67 EUR.

Please note that we apply a flat fee of 1.80 EUR for bank wire withdrawals, however, since we do not support a local bank in your country of residence your withdrawals will be sent from our German bank account. Therefore the transaction might be subject to international bank wire fees applied by intermediary banks. Moneybookers can not be held liable for such charges and for more information rearing the additional fees applied to your withdrawal you should reference your bank. “

Organizer: Multi Purpose Clip-Tab

What is the thing you miss the most while you want to cross a paper clip with a note paper? Ya, An Organizer: Multi Purpose Clip-Tab. This is the tinny things that we can not always remember but we need almost everyday!!! This is a patented product which is the greatest organizing accessory. Any project, messy desk or anything, it can organizing perfectly. Colorful, high quality and long lasting.

Problem Solved Regarding Moneybookers withdrawl in DBBL

Today, moneybookers solved the issue with Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) problems. Last week, Moneybookers returns the withdrawl request made to DBBL accounts due to problem with DBBL's partner bank in UK. But, today they arrange an alternative method to process money to DBBL accounts. They will first convert your money from USD to Euro. Thrn that will procssed through another partner bank. They will charge an extra 1.99% as Forign Currency Conversion tax in addition to withdarwl charge. This effort partially solves they problem, but still the higher charge remains as a major problem. Previous post regarding this issue could be found here.

Moneybookers Problem with Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL): They are Unable to Process Withdrawls

A few days ago, I made a withdraw request on moneybookers to my DBBL account. After 3 days, they cancelled the withdraw and return my money. When contacted, Moneybookers support told that DBBL uses Standard Chartared Bank as a correspondent bank to receive the money from UK. But, Standard Chartared Bank recently adds restriction on moneybookers and decided not to process any money received from moneybookers e-wallet. Not only DBBL but any other banks worldwide use Standard Chartared Bank as correspondent Bank in UK is facing the same problem.

While searching for alternative bangladeshi banks who do not use SCB, I found that National Bank Bangladesh Limited does not use SCB.

Cheap VPS hosting

Are you seeking VPS hosting? Generally VPS hosting is too costly to afford. But, as usual retective has find a great deal for you. A reliable VPS hosting company VPSLatch has completely managed VPS hosting available for $25. So, now you have the best VPS hosting at your own. Just get it now managed VPS

Lemon Law

Lemon laws are American state laws that provide a remedy for purchasers of cars in order to compensate for cars that repeatedly fail to meet standards of quality and performance. These cars are called lemons. The federal lemon law (the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act) protects citizens of all states. State lemon laws vary by state and may not necessarily cover used or leased cars. The rights afforded to consumers by lemon laws may exceed the warranties expressed in purchase contracts. Lemon law is the common nickname for these laws, but each state has different names for the laws and acts.

In California, lemon laws cover anything mechanical, as do the federal lemon laws. The federal lemon law also provides that the warranter may be obligated to pay the prevailing party's attorney fees in a successful lemon law suit, as do most state lemon laws.

Some extra ordinary sites for you...

Boared with traditional website? Want something new? extraordinarysites.info is making you the juice of some extra ordinary sites that are really different in thinking. They are working on some exceptional ideas. www.extraordinarysits.info is always searching and adding more and more extra ordinary sites for you. Check extra ordinary sites now!!!

Need help on law related issuse?

Fallen into trouble??? Do not know what to do? Getting no one beside you to help??? Retective will help you because you have Dustin Hamilton. Just get here to any law related help...

A great shower Radio

The Sony Shower Mate radio is built to be your best morning companion. This is a very high quality radio set made by electronics magician Sony. Complete flexibility in controlling, playing and navigation option will fulfill all your need and ensures a complete satisfaction. This high tech radio offers very handy preset buttons that could be programmed with your favorite radio station for only touch access. Including a 90 minutes timers with some presets and auto off function to make it compatible with any environment. It is perfect in kitchen, Bathroom, Garden, Road, Cars everywhere you like. The buttons are designed in a way that is very much comfortable for your fingers are easy to detect with touch. The volume control buttons are gripped so that it is easily been manipulated even with wet and slippery fingers. The radio is oval-shaped with a flat bottom and top, constructed of tough, high quality white plastic. Comes with a strap for hanging and a suction cup for positioning a wire antenna. The digital tuner helps you to catch your favorite radio station in seconds. No need to deal with tinny knob and guessing for right radio station. The digital clock included in this device is very much accurate to keep time. All the function buttons are water resistant. The Sony shower radio Comes with a suction cup for holding a wire antenna and a strap for hanging. Although it is a shower radio, it should not be submerged into water. Three C batteries are required to operate it.

The sound quality is truly good if you compare with other mono-sound radios. 3 C type batteries will go for truly long time. Another great attraction of this radio is that it have an weather channel. FM reception is crystal clear.

Technical Specifications:
Multi-band shower radio with Splash resistance
Unique design with easy-grip
Easy-to-use controls
Hanging strap supplied
Quartz synthesized tuner
Decent sound quality
FM and Weather channel
Waterproof buttons.
Self timer
Auto off function.
Long battery life.
Strip for hanging
Long frequency range support.
Comfortable button design.
Very Reasonable price.

The overall performance of this radio is excellent. It is light weight and Portable. Easy to use and operate. It is not power hungry. Typically, 3 C batteries will last for a long time. Sound quality is really nice and enjoyable. Antenna is powerful to receive even the weakest signal. Very long range band coverage makes it an universal choice for everyone. Design is eye catchy. Digital technology integration like digital tuner, self timer, auto off makes it very much user friendly. Say good bye to traditional analogue technologies. This radio is Available at a very reasonable price with Duracell batteries for longer lasting battery life and complete uninterrupted enjoyment. Grab your radio now.

Great News for MAC & PC users!!!

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Great news for Mac users!!! No more disappointed with extremely high price!!! You can get your your favourite softwares at a discount rate or even free!!! Downloadbuyer.com is offering a wide variety of TurboCAD software for PC and Mac such as the TurboCAD 17 Pro . You do not have wait any more, the offer instant delivery online. Grab your desired software right now!!! They also have software for PC too. So, it's a great chance to all!!! Hurry up.

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Retective always try to fine something innovative for you. Earlier in this blog we have posted about a lots of money making opportunity. Today we are going to add another one called 365earnmoney.com. A brand new site that will help you to earn some cash everyday. This is the site that will convert your every step into $$$ Here are the way,
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A hard disk enclosure

A hard disk enclosure is a specialized chassis that is designed to hold and power hard disks. It provides a mechanism to allow them to communicate with one or more different computers. Drive enclosures ensures the supply of power to the drives therein and convert the data sent among their native data bus. The goal of this is to format the data usable by an external connection on the computers to which th hard disk is connected. A hard disk enclosure has a lots of benefits. Main benefits are,

Add additional storage space.
Add RAID capabilities to computer that does not have RAID controllers or does not have adequate space.
Facilitates the addition of more drives to any server.
Facilitates transfer of data between non-networked computers.
Add an easily removable backup source for hard disks..
Prevent the excess heating of a disk drive. That prevent possible damage due to heat.
Simple and cost effective approach to hot swapping.
Help to Recover the data from a damaged PC hard drive. Thus it ensures the data security of a system.
Lower the cost of removable storage.
Provides a hardened chassis that prevent wear and tear

Acai

The Acai berry, originated from Acai palm tree is a purple and reddish colored fruit. Acai berry is a very healthy fruit and has a great antioxidant activity that prevent diseases caused by oxidative stress like cancer and heart disease. The antioxidant activity is more than that of raspberry, cranberry, strawberry, blackberry and blueberry. It is helpful to overcome various health related problems. It is often considered as a weight loss product too.

It is used as a weight loss product because of it's capabilities of increasing metabolic rate. High amount of antioxidant present in Acai fruits cause a high rate of metabolic action. That fights fatigue by causing faster fat breakdown and increased energy level. In this process, a rapid weight loss is attainable without any harmful side effect.

Acai berry has some other uses than as direct consumption. It could be used as an alternative of oils in body cream or facial cream oils, shampoos, anti-aging skin therapies or conditioners. The antioxidant level in Acai berry remain the same even after a long time of storage. It is often claimed by the product manufacturers that it improves digestion, improves sexual performance, improves skin appearance, reduces cholesterol levels, improves heart health, improves sleep and many more.

Acai juice is a product that is rich in vitamins, minerals, Omega acids, amino acids. 100 gm of Acai pulp contains 52.2 g carbohydrates, 32.5 g total fat, 8.1 g protein, 44.2 g of dietary fiber, 533.9 calories and very low sugar. The oil compartments in Acai fruit contain polyphenols such as vanillic acid and procyanidin oligomers, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Therefore it is often said to be one of the most nutritionally dense berries in the world.

As a 100% organic product Acai berry is safe to use in any purpose. It is a high nutrition fruit with some real benefits. A lots of manufacturers are selling Acai products in the market in different prices. These products are also available in online shops also. To get the most from it, it is very important to choose a good quality product. Most of t he products available in the market does not meet the minimum quality. They might not be beneficiary and even cause harm. Products that are made from good quality Acai pulp and seed should be used to ensure the best outcome.

IASeminars: Learning

As usuall, retechtive is here with a Great offer for you!!! Are you familiar with IASeminars? The best learning system is now more advanced and accessible. It is now offering in-person live, and online e-learning IFRS Training. Available on 100 topics world-wide. Yes, 100 topics! Try now :)

Take wise decision while doing forex trading

Forex trading is a very risky job to do. You can have a big gain as well as chance to solid sank. It is recommended that forex trading should be tried by only highly sophisticated investors. There are a lots of online forex indicators that can help to take right decision. You should try them if you are a fresher.

Share your modes with modify me!!!

moodify me is a new era of social networking. Unlike the other social networking site it dose not only work with text description of you mind but also “Attach” a “mode” with it. Another great benefit is that you can integrate it with other social networking sites like facebook to share your mode updates with all of your friends even those who are not a memner of moodify me

Very helpful Diabetes Tea!!!

Retective is for everyone. My dear readers, retective always try to find anything special for you. Anything you found in retective must be helpful and beneficiary for you. Today we are going to introduce a very useful Diabetes Tea called Eleotin Tea This tea helps the diabetic patients to control their diabetic. This is also helpful for heart and blood circulation. You can try it now!

Earn money for your daily activities

Yes my dear visitors, retective found another great website that pays you for your daily online activities. You will get paid to shrink url,upload photo or video, create blog and even advertise you business. Yes, it's unbelivable but trust retective, it's solid hard truth!!! Have a look here http://www.skyzop.com

Earn Money with MyMicroJob

MyMicroJob is a great opportunity to earn money from home. This site offers you to earn money by completing very simple jobs. The jobs takes a few minutes to complete and usually you will get paid within very short time. Usually jobs are article writing, signup, blog comment, forum post, become facebook fan, follow on twitter, social bookmarking like digg, delicious etc. The payment ranges from .10$ to 2$. Minimum payout is 10$ and they offer a various withdraw methods like paypal, moneybookers, alertpay and others. It might be definitely a good extra income source for you. Check it out now.

hemorrhoids treatment

Treatment of hemorrhoids are not a very difficult job. In Most cases, simple changes to diet and bowel habits works as a great treatment. Surgery or other treatment are required in very rare cases when the hemorrhoids are very large and painful. The principle on which the nonsurgical hemorrhoid are treated is called fixative procedures that works by reducing the blood supply to the hemorrhoid which shrink it. The the anal tissue are supported by scar tissue left in its place. This also helps prevent developing more hemorrhoids.

Tying off the hemorrhoids with a rubber band or using heat, electric current or lasers to create scar tissue is a commonly used technique in fixative procedures. Surgical removal is rarely used in case of hemorrhoids that are in the internal parts and large in size. It is also done when there are a lots of hemorrhoid are present or bleeding could not be controlled by other treatments.

Before going to surgery, Fixative procedures are tried first to treat hemorrhoids. Surgery is not used when the hemorrhoids are small. Better and long term results might be found by using Hemorrhoidectomy. As, surgery cost a lots of money and recovery requires a very long time. It is also painful and usually has a greater risk complications. Fixative procedures are very useful for older people usually older than 70 years and more having poor health.

Home treatments are very helpful in primary level hemorrhoids.
The anus should blotted gently. Use very soft toilet paper moistened either with a cleansing agent or water after bowel movements. Baby wipes or other germ free towels are also suitable. Do not rub the anal area. Rinse off in the shower. Avoid soaps contain no perfumes or dyes.

Organized or Messy Desk - Which is Better?

No more dreaming about a beautiful computer desk. Even if you can not effort to buy it, you have a chance to WIN it!!! office1000.com is offering you the desk under their Organized or Messy Desk - Which is Better? Contest. All you have to do is posting blog post :)

The winning blog post writer will win an MDV3BA Pro Series Vacuum made by Metro Data Vac worth $272.50. What to do???

You write a minimum 150 word blog post on YOUR blog telling everyone what your view is about having either an organized desk or a messy desk and why you feel that way. That's it!!!

More details could be found here, Organized or Messy Desk - Which is Better?


The most creative and amazing blog post writer will win.

Low Testosterone Problem

Testosterone is a steroid hormone which is made in the testes in males and in the ovaries in women (a minimal amount is also made in the adrenal glands). Testosterone has two major functions in the human body.

1. Testosterone is needed to form and maintain the male sex organs and promote secondary male sex characteristics (in both men and women) such as voice deepening and hair growth patterns. This function is related to its androgenic properties.
   
   
2. Testosterone is the facilitation of muscle growth as well as bone development and maintenance. This is a result of its anabolic properties.

Testosterone production is regulated by hormones released from the brain. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain produce hormonal signals that ultimately result in the production of testosterone. The hypothalamus is located just above the brain stem, and among its many functions, it produces gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH). GRH then travels a short distance to the pituitary gland, which is located in the base of the brain, and stimulates this gland to release FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). These hormones travel through the bloodstream to activate the sex organs in both men and women. Subsequently, these hormones have a role in regulating testosterone levels in the bloodstream.

The majority of testosterone circulates in the blood bound to a carrier protein (many hormones that are produced in one area and affect another area have a carrier protein that helps their travel through the bloodstream). In this case the carrier protein is called "sex hormone binding globulin," or SHBG. When testosterone is being carried by SHBG, it is considered "bound". Bound testosterone does not play an active role in the body; only the unbound or "free" testosterone is able to enter the different cells of the body and exert its androgenic and anabolic effects. Thus, anything that affects the function or the amount of SHBG can also affect the total circulating amount of active testosterone.

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A new turkish E-commerce site

http://www.spotagel.com/ a newly formed turkish e-commerce site. It is a good place to buy second hand items at a very cheap rate. The most attractive design and super simple navigation makes it easy to use. It's a good site for everyone in everyday life. It has a good start and hopefully a good future

ezaroorat is a good web hosting service that is reliable and cheap. Their server up time is very is actually high and it's very fast.Their rate starts from as low as 6.95$!!!

The users who are looking for a good web hosting, I strongly recommend it to them. Check their service, I am sure you will come back here to thank me!!! I am confident :)

Low Cost Custom Logo Design

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Our New look!!!

We have changed the look of retective. Comments please :)

Select a brick, WIN a Prize :)

Select a brick, win a price. Nooooooo, I am not telling about real, hard bricks!!! It's vertual, soft, lovely bricks of imbrickingit.com :-) A very nice offer is running in it that you have to choose a brick in the homepage of the site. Then you can won prizes by lottery!!!

We found a partner :-)

At last, we have found our partner blog. The জানোয়ার and retective will now become partners and share posts and contents.

We are hiring bloggers :)

Retective is going to launch it's own domain blog. For this we are looking bloggers. If you have a blog with page rank 3+, please contact us. We need your help.

It's our talk :)

Dear visitor,
We are always tring to find very best content accross the internet. Please send us your feedback about our blog. Thanks.

A Good site share and find ebooks!!!

Tired by finding a very urgent academic book in files haring sites??? Do not getting your favourite ebooks??? Well, sharingebooks is a great site that is offering free ebook downloads, audio book downloads or discounted ebooks or audio books. This is an one stop service for all kinds of ebooks.

The Web and the bread!!!

The web can be basically can be compared to a piece of bread!!! Don't laugh, it's true :-) . You can describe a bread at a manner as you describe it. You can have peanut butter for your bread, maybe peanut butter and jelly, maybe butter, maybe strawberry jam, maybe just plain bread. Now the option is your, how you express your web experience depending on your taste by using applications and websites that are appropriate for your lifestyle. No wonder the theme of their flyer was, "Web: The Way You Want It."

She Wants Shoes from Jimmy Choo

A shoe as a graduation gift!!! Sounds strange??? Check the proof... It's not any ordinary shoes. It's the most expensive Jimmy Choo shoes. High quality materials and high level marketing makes it out of reach to low income peoople :-( The fact is, A lot of people want to live it, but not all people can afford it.

New Hampshire Green Launching Pad

With a joint venture of The University and State of New Hampshire, A Green program Pad to accelerate the rollout of green ideas and technologies to the marketplace is Launching. The purpose of the program is to help green entrepreneurs succeed while supporting the creation of new well-paying jobs in New Hampshire. It is designed to maximize economic benefits in the state from emerging green technologies. Also this will reduce energy use and the state's dependence on high carbon and imported energy. This good news is sourced from here. A new era in green technology is opening soon.

Weight Loss Tips for the Starbucks Drinker

Do you Want to go Starbucks everyday but don't eant to gain weight??? You have option to reduce calories per cup of in your cup. Have your personalized drink. These are the tips for you to how to do that. Have a look and welcome to the weight lose world :-)

Just like Apps and Maps, C-Line has a product for everything

The list of everything is now a little bit longer. Not only limit VERYTHING to i-phone, that has an app for everything, Verizon that has a map for everything. Here is the source that another company who has something for everything to your list! C-Line Products has a product for so many things. Lots of choices available.

Medical Identity Theft

Not only your credit cards and privilege cards are subjected to theft or misuse but also your medical identity. A statistic show that about 6% of US males are victim of medical identity theft and most of them by their family members. These identities are used for medical procedures under their names. Here is the full post about medical identity theft. You can easily prevent this misuse simply by reporting your missing cards immediately.

Modern offices are now considered as second home as the stuffs spent more or less ten hours per day. It's an art to provide a home like environment to

Modern offices are now considered as second home as the stuffs spent more or less ten hours per day. It's an art to provide a home like environment to a cubicle. These simple steps will inspire you to find your cubicle zen.

- First of all, keep everything tidy and clean. A clean workspace makes a fresh effect on mind.
- Keep everything in place. Organize printed documents and other stationary products.
Comfort is the key of productivity. Buy an ergonomic chair and keyboard. Do not take risk of Aches and pains.
motivational or humorous phrases and quotes will inspire you in everyday life.. Collect a memo board if you do not already have.
Decorate your cubicle with colorful organizational items, photos, art and a few decorative accents from home.
Want to get more details??? All of these points are taken from this great post. Find details there.

Desperate Ohio Homeowner Destroys House

Banks have been half-heartedly managing short sales and foreclosures from the beginning of the housing meltdown. Many homeowners are in fare of a nameless, faceless lender never knowing if they will be spared or when the axe will fall. Banks are stubbornly rejected legitimate offers at the expense of homeowners teetering on the brink of disaster. It harkens back to the evil banker Mr. Potter in the movie classic "It's a Wonderful Life." Does anyone win in this war of wills? The banks are thinking they are the victors. A frustrated homeowner has destroyed his home. No lesson to be learned. It's simply a sad reflection of the times. The full story is here. This is the ending of a tragedy. Read the story, feel the truth.

Toyota; Unintended Acceleration Still Present on Post-Recalled Vehicles'

Unintended Acceleration issue of Toyota cars are no longer in small scale. It has now speared over 10 million units allover the world. Some cars which are fixed by recalling, are facing same problem again. But, Toyota described the reports as fraud and product of too much media attention hype. Their spokeswoman said "We very much would like to have any of those individuals who claim they’ve had unintended acceleration after the fix to go back to the dealership. If there was an accident, we want to see the vehicle and the driver and the accident report” Here you can find the details Toyota;Unintended Acceleration Still Present on Post-Recalled Vehicles

Love Can Make You Lose Weight

Love, the greatest tool that can reduce your weight. Can't believe??? Well, yuu can find details in a reference bolg post here When someone falls in love he/she loses the appetite to eat.when we fall in love is due to the chemicals released during this attraction of falling in love, namely, dopamine and monoamine which gives the same neurotransmitters that gives us a feeling of satiation after a meal!!! So, I think you understand the relationship!!!

Office Desk in paradise contest: Win a reversible laminate top desk by Safco Products worth $282.00

No more dreaming about a beautiful computer desk. Even if you can not effort to buy it, you have a chance to WIN it!!! office1000.com is offering you the desk under their Office Desk in Paradise Contest. All you have to do is posting blog post :)

The winning blog post writer will win a reversible laminate top computer desk by Safco Products worth $282.00. What to do???

write a minimum 300 word blog post creating a scenario of your perfect vision of where you would be sitting at this desk working. That's it!!!

More details could be found here,
Office Desk Contest

The most creative and amazing story writer will win.

Preparation of market milk:

Preparation of market milk:


Preparation of Skim milk:

• Skim milk: Skim milk refers to milk that is made almost completely free from milk fat by skimming
• Objective:
– Make milk fat free to be used for standardization.
– Use in the manufacture of flavoured milk.
• Apparatus:
• Cream separator machine
• container

• Ingredients:
• Whole milk
• Procedure:
• Take the whole milk in the tank of the cream separator machine.
• Pass the milk through the separator bowl until all the cream is collected.
Sterilized milk
• Sterilized milk may be defined as milk which have been heated to a temperature of 100 C or above for such length of time that it remains fit for human consumption for at least 7 days at room temparature
Advantages
• Remarkable keeping quality: does not need refrigerate storage
• No cream layer/plug
• Forms a soft digestible curd, hens useful for infant feeding
• Distinct flavor (due to homogenization)
• Economical to use
• Less liable to developed oxidized taints
Disadvantages
• Increase cost of production
• More lass of nurtient than pasteurization (50 % Vit C & 33% vit B are destroyed
• Gerber test is not so accurate
Procedure
• Receiving milk
• Cooling to 5 C and bulk storage
• Pre-heating (35-40 C)
• Filtration for clarification
• Cooling to 5 C
• Standardization & storage
• Preheating (60 C)
• Homogenization (2500psi) (60 C)
• Clarification (60 C)
• Filling & capping
• Sterilized 108-11 C/25-30 min
• Cooling at room temperature
• Storage at room temparature

Preparation of Filled milk
• Filled milk: Filled milk refers to milk obtained when vegetable fat, skim milk powder and water are combined in the correct proportions to yield fluid milk.
• Objective:
– Make fluid milk available during the time of scarcity.
• Apparatus:
– 1. Mixing machine
– 2. Pasteurizer
– 3. Cooling unit
• Ingredients:
– Skim milk powder
– vegetable fat (soybean oil)
– Pure drinking water
Procedure:
• 1. Take water in the pasteurization vat.
• 2. Pre-heat the milk at 38-49°C.
• 3. Add skim milk powder to water at a ratio of 1:5.
• 4. Add 4% soybean oil.
• 5. Mix properly.
• 6. Perform filtration if needed.
• 7. Pasteurization of milk at 63°C. for 30 minutes.
• 8. Homogenization of milk at 2500 psi at 63°C.
• 9. Cooling at 5°C.

Toned milk
• Toned milk: Toned milk refers to milk obtained by the addition of water and skim milk powder to whole buffalo milk.
• Objective:
– Make low-cost fluid milk available to the poor people of the society
Procedure:
1. Take water in the pasteurization vat.
2. Pre-heat the milk at 38-43°C.
3. Add skim milk powder and mix properly
4. Add whole buffalo milk and mix properly.
5. Perform filtration if needed.
6. Pasteurization of milk at 63°C. for 30 minutes.
7. Cooling at 5°C.

Problem: Given 1000 kg of whole buffalo milk testing 7.5% fat & 9.8% SNF; SMP testing 0.5% fat & 96.5% SNF: prepare a tone milk contain 3% fat & 8.5% SNF
• Let, amount of water required be W kg & SMP be S kg
• Amount of toned milk =(1000+W+S) kg
• So, following equation can be formed
– (1000X7.5/100) + (S x 0.5/100) =(1000+W+S) x 3/100 [ Fat equation]
– (1000 x 9.8/100) + (S x 96.5/100) =(1000+W+S) x 8.5/100 [ SNF equation]
• Solving the two equations
– W=1382.1 kg
– S= 141.5 kg

Preparation of Recombined milk
• Recombined milk: Recombined refers to milk obtained when butter oil/ghee/unsalted butter/plastic cream, skim milk powder and water are combined in the correct proportions to yield fluid milk.
• Objective:
– Make fluid milk available during the time of scarcity.
Procedure
Take water in the pasteurization vat.
2. Pre-heat the milk at 38-49°C.
3. Add skim milk powder to water at a ratio of 1:5.
4. Add 4% butteroil.
5. Mix properly.
6. Perform filtration if needed.
7. Pasteurization of milk at 63°C. for 30 minutes.
8. Homogenization of milk at 2500 psi at 63°C.
9. Cooling at 5°C.
Preparation of Reconstituted milk
• Reconstituted milk: Reconstituted milk refers to milk prepared by dispersing whole milk powder in water approximately in the proportion of 1 part powder to 7-8 parts water.
• Objective:
– Make fluid milk available during the time of scarcity.

Procedure:
• Take water in the pasteurization vat.
• Pre-heat the milk at 38-43°C.
• Add whole milk powder to water at a ratio of 1:4.
• Mix properly.
• Perform filtration if needed.
• Pasteurization of milk at 63°C. for 30 minutes.
• Cooling at 5°C.
Vitaminized/Fortified milk:
• Vitaminized/Fortified milk: Vitaminized/fortified milk refers to the milk to which one or more vitamins are added
• Objective:
• Make milk more rich in vitamins for infants and elderly people.
Flavoured milk
• Flavoured milk: Flavoured milk refers to milk to which some flavours are added. When the ‘milk’ is used, the product should contain a milk fat percentage at least equal to the minimum legal requirement for market milk.
• But when the fat level is lower (1-2 per cent), the term drink is used.
• Objective:
• Make milk more palatable to those who do not relish it as such.
• Stimulate the sale of milk.
• Put skim milk to profitable use
Procedure:
• Standardize the milk.
• Preheating at 60°C.
• Homogenize the milk at 2500 psi.
• In order to prepare the chocolate milk, mix 1% cocoa powder, 6% sugar and 0.2% stabilizer (sodium alginate) with the milk.
• Pasteurize the milk at 71°C.
• Cooling at 5°C.
Chocolate milk/drinks
• Coca powder-1-1.5%
• Sugar-5-7%
• Stabilizer 0.2%
Soft-curd milk
• Soft-curd milk: Soft-curd milk refers to the milk that forms a soft curd when coagulated with rennet/pepsin or lactic acid under standardized procedure.
• Objective:
• Make milk is more quickly digested by infants due to its lower casein and calcium content
Type of milk Casien % Calcium%
Cow 2.5 0.13
Human-0.4 0.03
Procedure:
1. Add 2 parts of water to 1 part of milk.
2. Heat the milk to 85°.
3. Add sufficient amount of lactic acid and at the same time stir gently.
4. Sodium citrate may be added at the rate of 0.2-0.3% of the total volume.
5. Blend the milk well.

Preparation of Products

Yoghurt
• A custardlike food with a tart flavor, prepared from milk curdled by bacteria, especially Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, and often sweetened or flavored with fruit.
• Translations:
– Dutch: yoghurt
– French: yaourt
– German: Joghurt
– Italian: yogurt
– Spanish: yogur

Dahi
• Dahi: Technically, Dahi (homemade yoghurt) is fermented milk in which some of the lactose has been converted to lactic acid by the action of bacteria.
– Dahi (Hindi, Nepali, and Urdu),
– doi (Bengali),
– dohi (Oriya),
– Perugu (Telugu) or Thayir (Tamil)
– Plain yoghurt widely consumed all over South Asia.
Preparation of sweet Dahi

• Ingredients:
• Whole milk -------------------- 1L.
• Sugar ---------------------------- 125 g
• Starter culture ------------------ 10 g

• Apparatus:
– Karahi
– Spoon
– Strainer
– Heater
– Incubator
– Refrigerator
– Earthenware / plastic container
Procedure:
• Mixed fresh milk and sugar in the karahi.
• Boil the milk until the volume is reduced by 15-20%.
• Cool the milk to 50°C.
• Add starter culture.
• Pour the dahi-mix in the container.
• Put the container in the incubator until coagulation.
• Put the container in the refrigerator until served.


Traditional method of yoghurt making
• The milk is evaporated to 1/3 to 1/4 water content so that it attains the required concentration. Alternatively, 4-5% non-fat dried milk (NFDM) can be added to the whole milk.
• It is heated to 82-93°C for 30 minutes. Then it is cooled to 42-43°C and inoculated with 2-3% starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus).
• Then the milk is incubated at 42-43°C for 3 hours or until a titratable acidity of 0.75% lactic acid or coagulation occurs.
• The product is chilled to 5°C. Further acidity of 0.9% lactic acid may develop while the product is being chilled.
• The product can be stored satisfactorily for 1-2 weeks at 5°C

Industrial Method of Yoghurt Making

• The desired quantity of milk is weighed and heated to 80-90°C for 15-20 minutes.
• Then it is cooled to 45-48°C.
• Two to three percent of yoghurt culture is added to the milk and mixed well.
• The milk is kept in clean and sterilized containers for setting.
• The milk in the container is incubated at 45°C until it coagulation is firmer.
• The product is removed from the incubator and kept at 5°C until distributed to the consumers.
• The equipment are cleaned and kept ready for the next batch of operation.

Preparation of Ghee
• Ghee is a clarified butter without any solid milk particles or water. Ghee is used in India and throughout the South Asia in daily cooking. A good quality ghee adds a great aroma, flavor and taste to the food.
Properties
• Properly made ghee should be semi-liquid at room temperature (18-21°C).
• Better-quality ghee is a rich golden color.
• The extended shelf-life of ghee (often up to a year or more, depending on purity) is due to the removal of water and albuminous milk-solids that provide a medium for rancidity-causing microbes to grow.

• At 375-485°F/190-250°C (depending on purity), ghee has virtually the highest smoke point (The smoke point refers to the point in which a cooking fat or oil is heated until it breaks down) of all clarified butters. This makes ghee safe for cooking at very high temperatures without discoloring or developing a burnt taste, making it superior for deep frying.
• Until refined vegetable oil came into popular use in India and Pakistan, ghee was the mainstay of all fried dishes.

Ingredients:
• Cream (containing 40% milk fat) ---- 2.50 Kg
Or
• Butter (containing 80% milk fat)1.25 Kg

• Apparatus:
– Karahi
– Spoon
– Heater
– Strainer / filter cloth
– Glass jar / plastic container
• Procedure:
– Taken the cream (fresh or ripened) in a karahi.
– Heat the cream on open fire along with continuous stirring.
– When milk fat is completely separated from the curd, remove the karahi from the heater.
– Filter the ghee and keep in a glass jar.
– Store the ghee in a cool and dry place.
STORAGE:
• Ghee does not have to be refrigerated.
• For long lasting ghee, keep it out of moisture, i.e., don't use a wet spoon to take out ghee.

Rassogolla
• Ingredients
– Whole milk --------------------------------- 3 L.
– Flour ----------------------------------------- 10 g.
– Sugar ---------------------------------------- 500 g.
– Fermented whey water ----------------- as per needed
– Water ---------------------------------------- as per needed
Apparatus:
• Karahi
• Saucepan
• Tray
• Spoon
• Collander
• Filter cloth
• Bowl
• Heater
Procedure:
• Heat the milk to boiling.
• Cool the milk to 80°C.
• Add fermented whey water until the chhana separates.
• Remove the whey from chhana by hanging in a filter cloth.
• Break the chhana, add flour, and knead to prepare a mass.
• Small balls are made with fine finish.
• Make concentrated sugar syrup (sugar: water = 1:1) and heat to boiling.
• Boil the balls of chhana in the sugar syrup for 25-30 minutes so the balls swell to double is size.
• Prepare dilute sugar syrup (sugar: water = 1:2).
• Transfer the boiled balls to cool for 10-12 hours.

Preparation of Rasamalai
• Ingredients:
– Whole milk ------------------------------------- 3L.
– Sugar --------------------------------------------200 g.
– Flour --------------------------------------------- 5 g.
– Vinegar ------------------------------------------ 50 ml.
– Cardamom --------------------------------------- 4 pieces
• Apparatus:
– Karahi
– Sauce pan
– Tray
– Spoon
– Colander
– Filter cloth
– Bowl
– Heater
Procedure:
• Divide the milk into 2 parts ─ (i) 1200 ml. for malai preparation, and (ii) 1800 ml. for rossogolla preparation.
• Heat the 1800 ml. milk to boiling.
• Cool the milk to 80°C.
• Add fermented whey water until the chhana separates.
• Remove the whey from chhana by hanging in a filter cloth.
• Break the chhana, add flour, and knead to prepare a mass.
• Small balls are made with fine finish.
• Make concentrated sugar syrup (sugar: water = 1:1) and heat to boiling.
• Boil the balls of chhana in the sugar syrup for 20-25 minutes so the balls swell to double is size.
• Take the 1200 ml. milk and 4 pieces of cardamom in the saucepan, and heat until the volume is reduced to 50%.
• Boil the rossogolla in the hot malai for 5 minutes.
• Cool the rasomalai to room temperature.

Preparation of Kalojam
• Ingredients:
– Whole milk --------------------------------- 3 L.
– Sugar ---------------------------------------- 500 g.
– Flour ----------------------------------------- 250 g.
– Soybean oil ---------------------------------- 50 ml.
– Dalda ---------------------------------------- 20 g.
– Baking soda -------------------------------- 5 g.
– Fermented whey --------------------------- as per needed
• Apparatus:
– Karahi
– Sauce pan
– Tray
– Spoon
– Colander
– Filter cloth
– Bowl
– Heater
Procedure:
• Heat the milk to boiling.
• Cool the milk to 80°C.
• Add fermented whey water until the chhana separates.
• Remove the whey from chhana by hanging in a filter cloth.
• Take 500 g. of chhana.
• Break the chhana, add 250 g. flour, 70 g. sugar, 50 ml. soybean oil, 20 g. dalda, and 5 g. of baking soda.
• Knead to prepare a mass and make slightly oval balls.
• Fry the balls in hot soybean oil until the surface becomes deep brown.
• Boil the balls in the sugar syrup (sugar : water = 1:2) for 10 minutes.
• Cool the kalojam in the room temperature.
Preparation of Monda
• Ingredients:
– Whole milk -------------------------------- 5 L.
– Sugar --------------------------------------- 500 g.
– Fermented whey ------------------------- as per needed
• Apparatus:
– Karahi
– Spoon (made of spoon)
– Filter cloth
– Heater
Procedure:
• Heat the milk to boiling.
• Cool the milk to 80°C.
• Add fermented whey water until the chhana separates.
• Remove as much whey as possible from chhana by hanging in a filter cloth and then pressing the chhana with filter cloth.
• Put the chhana in the karahi.
• Add sugar.
• Cook the chhana on the open fire along with continuous stirring.
• When the chhana becomes a viscous mass remove the karahi from the fire.
• Cool the mass to room temperature.
• Give the manda its desired shape and wrap with oil paper.

Preparation of Cheese (Panir)
Ingredients
• Whole milk ------------------------------- 3 Kg.
• Salt ---------------------------------------- 30 g.
• Starter ------------------------------------- 15 g.
• Rennet ----------------------- as per needed
Procedure
• Pasteurized fresh milk by heating to 78°C. for 20 seconds and then promptly cool to 35°C.
• Add good quality lactic starter to the milk and mix thoroughly.
• Add rennet @ 6-7 ml. / 100 Kg. milk; the rennet being previously diluted with about 20 times its volume of water (the quality of rennet added should be such as to give a clean cut in the curd at the end of about 60 minutes).
• Allow the renneted milk to set till a firm coagulation fit for basketing is obtained. Maintain the temperature during this time at 35°C.
• Ladle out the curd with a vertical slant in thin slices and filled into especially made bamboo baskets.
• Put each successive layer of curd into the baskets uniformly sprinkled with salt. Fill the basket.
• Place the baskets on the draining rack to allow drainage of whey for 1 hour.
• Turn the baskets upside down carefully. This is the first turning.
• Allow draining for a further 30-40 minutes.
• Turn the baskets for the second time.
• Ripen the cheese at 30°C. for 1and a half months.

Preparation of Custard
• Ingredients:
– Whole milk --------------------------- 1 L.
– Custard powder ---------------------- 50 g.
– Sugar ---------------------------------- 160 g.
– Fruits ---------------------------------- as per needed
• Apparatus:
– Saucepan
– Spoon
– Beaker
– Heater
– Knife
– Tray
– Balance
Procedure:
• Take 50 ml. milk and 50 g. custard powder in a beaker to make a fine paste.
• Take sugar and rest of the milk in a pan.
• Heat the milk to lukewarm and add the paste.
• Heat the milk to boiling until this is converted into a dense and lumpy liquid.
• Cool the custard.
• Add pieces of fruits before serving.

INDIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS

• The dairy products, which have originated in India, are called indigenous dairy products. The products can be broadly classified in to khoa based and channa based. The importance of the dairy products were known to Indians since time immemorial or it could be roughly estimated to be around five thousand years ago and the development could be considered as an art.


S.No Process Products Western Counterpart
1 Concentration Khoa Evaporated Milk
Basundi Sweetened Condensed Milk
Rabri
Khurchan
Malai
2 Coagulation Channa Cheese prepared by direct acidification
Paneer White cheese – Latin American origin
3 Fermentation Dahi Pain Yoghurt
Payodhi Sweetened Yoghurt
Misti Dahi
Chakka
Shrikhand wadi
Lassi, Chaach Stirred Yoghurt
4 Phase inversion of fat Makkan Butter
Malai
Ghee Butteroil
Kulfi Ice cream
Malai ka baraf


Ancient butter-making techniques were still practiced in the early 20th century.
Picture taken from March 1914
Butter-making woman, Paris, 1499
• Butter is
– a water-in-oil emulsion,
– comprised of >80% milk fat,
– but also containing water in the form of tiny droplets,
– perhaps some milk solids-not-fat,
– with or without salt (sweet butter)

• Butter is one of the most highly concentrated forms of fluid milk
• Twenty litres of whole milk are needed to produce one kilogram of butter
– leaves approximately 18 litres of skim milk and buttermilk

The principal constituents of a normal salted butter are
• Fat - 80 - 82%
• Water -15.6 - 17.6%
• Salt -about 1.2%
• as well as protein, calcium and phosphorous (about 1.2%)
• Butter also contains fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E

• Nutrition Highlights
– Butter, 1 tsp (5g)
– Energy: 45 Calories
– Protein: 0.4g
– Carbohydrate: 0.0g
– Total Fat: 5.0g
– Fiber: 0.0g
Types of butter
• Cultured butter
– An unsalted butter made from cream to which bacterial culture has been added
– This is a rich form of butter, made from cultured cream
– It is popular in Europe and is now being produced in the United States
– it is available in most regions of the country

• Whipped butter
– Made by the uniform incorporation of air or inert gas into butter
– It is packaged in tubs and used as a table spread
– Because of its air content, it is less dense than solid-type butters—by comparison
• its weight (and also its fat content) are reduced by about a third

• Unsalted Butter
– Contains 0% salt
– This type of butter is used in cooking and as a table butter
• Salted butter
– Contains two percent salt (3% in Europe)
– The salt helps to keep the butter for a longer time
• Semi-salted butter or lightly salted
– Contains one percent salt (0.5% to 3% in Europe)

• Butter-margarine products
– Many products are now available that combine butter with vegetable oils that are lower in saturated fat
• Clarified butter (Ghee)
– Clarified butter retains only the fat content of butter, not its milk protein and solids
• Flavoured butter
– Butter herbs and/or spices have been added during the process, for example garlic butter

The types of butter production
• Raw Cream Butter
• Sweet Cream Butter
• Salted Sweet Cream Butter
• Cultured Cream Butter

Step 1: Collecting the milk & cream
• When received at the dairy, the following information on the milk is required:
– Quality
– Weight
– Composition
– Presence of contaminants — neutralizers, preservatives etc., and
– Presence of added water
Step-2 :Standardization of milk and cream
The fat content of cream for butter making should be 35%
Step-3:Cream Separation/Milk separation:
A. Gravity separation
B. Centrifugal separation
– Gravity separation is slow and inefficient
– Centrifugal separation is quicker and more efficient,
• leaving less than 0.1% fat in the separated milk
• compared with 0.5–0.6% after gravity separation
• Get the cream temperature right: The butter will not separate from the cream if it is too hot or too cold
– Room temperature is best - say 50-68 0F

TECHNOLOGY OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS

Definition of milk:

A white or yellowish liquid consisting of small fat globules suspended in a water solution, secreted by the mammary gland for the nutrition of the newborn.

Milk components (>100000 molecular components)
 Water
 Carbohydrate
 Fat
 Protein
 Minerals & Vitamins
Total solids:
Fat+protein+carbohydrate+Min. & Vit.+ enzymes
SNF:
protein+carbohydrate+Min. & Vit.+ enzymes
Skim milk (Plasma):
Milk-fat
Whey (Serum):
Skim milk-casein micelles

Milk Fat:
 The most variable milk component in both concentration and composition.
 Excellent source of energy (2.25>protein & CHO)
 Adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat) protects the young in cold environment.
Physical Structure of Milk fat:
Size of fat globules :
 0.1-15 µm in diameter
 covered by thin membrane
Thin membrane:
 Origin: apical membrane of the secretary cell
 Composition: Protein & Phosphate
Chemical Composition of Milk:
 Triglyceride or triacylglycerol (>95%)
 Phospholipids
 Diacylglycerol
 Cholesterol
 Unesterified fatty acids

Milk fat contain >400 fatty acids
• Fatty acids: Hydrocarbon chain and carboxyl group
• Triglycerides: glycerol+ three fatty acids

Milk Fatty acids
 Saturated fatty acids: No double bond.
 Unsaturated fatty acids: One or more double bond.
 Poly-unsaturated fatty acids: Two or more double bonds
Fatty acid composition of milk fat varies considerably among mammalian species( unlike milk fat components)
Source of variation:
1. chain lenghth (short-, medium- or long-chain FA)
2. Degree of unsaturation
3. Position of fatty acids on the glycerol skeleton.

General observations about milk fat:
 Fatty acids composition of milk is influenced by the diet of the lactating female mire than any other milk component.
 Milk contains higher proportion of short- & medium- chain fatty acids than the other body tissues.
 Milk of ruminant species contain higher levels of shirt –chain fatty acids(Milk fat related to beef & Pork fat:
Shot-chain fatty acids

C18 fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acids:
• Long chain fatty acids; C16-C18
• Medium chain acids, C10-C14
• Short chain fatty acids: C8-C4
• Palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids are the most abundant fatty acids in milk of most of most mammals (Elephant & rabbit are exception)
• Oleic acids(C18:1) is most abundant unsaturated fatty acids of milk acid in milk of most mammals milks of whales & seals contain high level of long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids(>C18:3)

The real view:
 Beef contain lipoproteim (aldehryde substance)
 Vegetable fat contain less amount of essential fatty acids
 Milk rich in essential fatty acids which prevents fat deposion in the Body.
Cholesterol:
• A waxy, fat-like substance present in every cell in the body and in many foods
• Cholesterol also comes from eating foods taken from animals such as egg yolks, meat, and whole-milk dairy products.
• Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones
• The dietary recommendation of cholesterol intake is 200-400 milligrams per day
• However, as the body makes its own cholesterol, dietary cholesterol is not an essential nutrient.
Cholesterol foods:
• High cholesterol: Organ meats,
• Moderate cholesterol: Meats, milk products with medium to high fat content.
• Low cholesterol: Milk products with low fat content.
• Very low cholesterol: Skim milk products.
• No cholesterol: Plant foods.

MILK COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE

MILK COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Milk is the normal product of mammary gland secretion
• Milk is
• the lacteal secretion
• obtained after complete milking of
• one or more healthy cows
• 5 days after and 15 days before calving, which is free from colostrums
• containing not less than 3.5% milk fat and 8.5% solids-not-fat
• Milk is a complex, nutritious product that contains more than 100 substances that are either in solution, suspension or emulsion in water.
Table 1: Composition of milk from different species (amount per 100 g)
Species Percentage composition
Water Fat Protein Lactose Ash
Cow 87.3 3.7 3.8 4.5 0.7
Buffalo 84.2 6.6 3.9 5.2 0.8
Goat 86.5 4.5 3.5 4.7 0.8
Ewe 79.4 8.6 6.7 4.3 1.0
Human 87.7 3.6 1.8 6.8 0.1
Some interesting features:
• Casein, the major protein of milk, is dispersed as a great number of solid particles so tiny that they do not settle, but remain in suspension and are called micelles, to as a colloidal suspension
• The fat and fat soluble vitamins in the milk are in the form of an emulsion;
• Lactose (milk sugar), some proteins (Whey protein), mineral salts and other substances are soluble i.e. entirely dissolved in the water in milk.
• The casein micelles and the fat globules give milk most of its physical characteristics, and give taste and flavor to dairy products
• Milk of normal composition has a specific gravity that varies normally from 1.023 to 1.040 (at 20oC)
• Freezing point that varies from -0.518 to -0.534oC.
• Milk is a highly perishable product that should be cooled to about 4oC as soon as possible after collection.

Colostrum:
• The dam's first milk, called colostrum,
– is rich with antibodies and immune factors,
– is required for newborn calves to survive, although it is unfit for human consumption.
– A calf must drink two quarts (2 L) of colostrum within twelve hours of birth or its future may be in jeopardy.
– The dam's milk quickly changes into that most suitable to humans,
– within 3 days after calving, a cow's milk is already on its way to human hands.
– Most young stock then subsist on milk replacer, a commercial feed additive used to take the place of the cow's natural milk, until old enough to consume more solid foods.
MILK AS FOOD FOR HUMANS
Water:
• The nutritional value of milk as a whole is greater than the value of its individual nutrients because of its unique nutritional balance. The amount of water in milk reflects that balance.
• In all animals, water is the nutrient required in the greatest amount and milk does supply a great amount of water—it contains approximately 90% water.
• The amount of water in milk is regulated by the amount of lactose synthesized by the secretary cells of the mammary gland.
• The water that goes into the milk is delivered to the mammary gland by the blood.
• Milk production is very rapidly affected by a shortage of water and drops the same day drinking water is limited or unavailable.
• This is one reason why the cow should have free access to a plentiful supply of drinking water at all times.
Carbohydrates:
• The principal carbohydrate in milk is lactose . Although it is a sugar, lactose is not noticeably sweet to taste.
• The concentration of lactose in the milk is relatively constant and averages about 5% (4.8-5.2%).
• The molecules from which lactose is made are found in much lower concentrations in milk: glucose (14 mg/100g) and galactose (12 mg/100g).
• In a significant portion of the human population, the deficiency of the enzyme lactase in the digestive tract results in the inability to digest lactose- symptoms of intolerance
Proteins:


Proteins
• Most of the nitrogen in the milk is found in the form of protein (Figure 2).
• The building blocks of all proteins are the amino acids. There are 20 amino acids that are commonly found in proteins.
• The order of the amino acids in a protein, which is determined by the genetic code, gives the protein a unique conformation.
• In turn, the spatial conformation of the protein gives it a specific function.
• The protein falls into two major groups: caseins (80%) and whey proteins (20%).




Fat:
• Normally, fat (or lipid) makes up from 3.5 to 6.0% of milk, varying between breeds of cattle and with feeding practices.
• A ration too rich in concentrates that do not elicit rumination in the cow may result in milk with a depressed percentage of fat (2.0 to 2.5%).
• Fat is present in milk in small globules suspended in water.
• As long as this structure is intact, the milk fat remains as an emulsion.
• The majority of milk fat is in the form of triglycerides formed by the linking of glycerol and fatty acids (Figure 3).
• Milk fat contains predominantly short-chain fatty acids (chains of less than eight carbon atoms) built from acetic acid units derived from fermentation in the rumen.
• This is a unique feature of milk fat compared with other kinds of animal and plant fats.
• The long chain fatty acids in milk are primarily the unsaturated (hydrogen deficient) acids, with the predominant one being oleic (18-carbon chain), and polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids.


Minerals and vitamins:
• Milk is an excellent source of most minerals required for the growth of the young.
• The digestibility of calcium and phosphorus are unusually high, in part because they are found in association with the casein of the milk.
– As a result, milk is the best source of calcium for skeletal growth in the young and maintenance of bone integrity in adults.
• Another mineral of interest in the milk is iron. The low iron concentration in milk cannot meet the needs of the young,
– but this low level turns out to have a positive aspect because it limits bacterial growth in milk—iron is essential for the growth of many